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Définition de l’Or Équitable : application de la notion
du commerce équitable
à la plus précieuse
des matières premières
Alors que le commerce équitable connaît son essor depuis la fin XXe siècle, l’élaboration de l’Or Équitable est beaucoup plus récente. Les premières notions de standards d’Or Équitable datent en effet de l’année 2005, à l’initiative de l'Alliance pour l’exploitation Minière Responsable, ARM (Alliance for Responsible Mining). Cette association, créée en 2004, est à l’origine des premiers standards « zero » de l’Or Équitable, standards Fairtrade & Fairmined, qui ont vu le jour en mars 2010 sous l’impulsion conjointe d’ARM et de FLO (Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International).
Un Or fait main, à forte valeur sociale…
L’Or Équitable peut véritablement se définir comme un or « fait main ». Il est issu du travail d’artisans regroupés au sein d’exploitations minières artisanales, qui constituent de véritables communautés de mineurs. Cet artisanat minier se distingue largement de l’activité minière industrielle des grands groupes miniers internationaux, caractérisée par une faible valeur sociale ajoutée et une source de revenus minime à l’échelle locale. Lorsqu’un artisan mineur vend son or produit « manuellement », la quasi totalité du revenu qu’il obtient est dépensée localement et non réexportée sous forme de dividendes ou d’importations de consommables, de machines ou de technologies. En outre, en offrant la possibilité à ces mineurs d’exercer une profession dans des zones rurales, l’artisanat minier contribue à lutter contre la migration des populations vers les grandes métropoles.
À l’opposé de l’orpaillage illégal, tel qu’on le rencontre notamment en Guyane Française ou au Brésil, cet artisanat minier est légal, organisé et profitable. Il fait appel à des technologies efficaces et responsables d'un point de vue social et environnemental, notamment avec une utilisation responsable et raisonnée des réactifs tel que le cyanure ou le mercure. Ces communautés de mineurs se développent ainsi dans un contexte de bonne gouvernance, de légalité, de participation et de respect de la diversité.
… contribuant au développement économique local
Cet artisanat minier permet de fournir une offre de travail décente aux populations, de contribuer au développement économique local, de proposer une meilleure répartition sociale des ressources non renouvelables et de lutter ainsi contre la pauvreté et œuvrer à la paix sociale dans ces pays.
Cet Or « responsable », issu des exploitations minières artisanales, bénéficie ainsi d’une « très forte valeur humaine ».
Le dernier post du blog de Patrick Schein
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